– Modular hardware design: pluggable sensors/actuators, standardized interfaces (such as USB-C, M.2).
– Software componentization: microservice architecture, containerization (Docker/Kubernetes).
– Embedded system module: SoM (System on Module), FPGA/IP nuclear reuse.
– Standardized protocol: such as the general data model of OPC UA and MQTT.
– Supply chain optimization: modular inventory management, fast customized production.
